recommendation
Alternating Least Squares (ALS) matrix factorization.
Model fitted by ALS.
Model fitted by ALS.
:: DeveloperApi :: An implementation of ALS that supports generic ID types, specialized for Int and Long.
:: DeveloperApi :: An implementation of ALS that supports generic ID types, specialized for Int and Long. This is exposed as a developer API for users who do need other ID types. But it is not recommended because it increases the shuffle size and memory requirement during training. For simplicity, users and items must have the same type. The number of distinct users/items should be smaller than 2 billion.
Alternating Least Squares (ALS) matrix factorization.
ALS attempts to estimate the ratings matrix
Ras the product of two lower-rank matrices,XandY, i.e.X * Yt = R. Typically these approximations are called 'factor' matrices. The general approach is iterative. During each iteration, one of the factor matrices is held constant, while the other is solved for using least squares. The newly-solved factor matrix is then held constant while solving for the other factor matrix.This is a blocked implementation of the ALS factorization algorithm that groups the two sets of factors (referred to as "users" and "products") into blocks and reduces communication by only sending one copy of each user vector to each product block on each iteration, and only for the product blocks that need that user's feature vector. This is achieved by pre-computing some information about the ratings matrix to determine the "out-links" of each user (which blocks of products it will contribute to) and "in-link" information for each product (which of the feature vectors it receives from each user block it will depend on). This allows us to send only an array of feature vectors between each user block and product block, and have the product block find the users' ratings and update the products based on these messages.
For implicit preference data, the algorithm used is based on "Collaborative Filtering for Implicit Feedback Datasets", available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2008.22, adapted for the blocked approach used here.
Essentially instead of finding the low-rank approximations to the rating matrix
R, this finds the approximations for a preference matrixPwhere the elements ofPare 1 if r > 0 and 0 if r <= 0. The ratings then act as 'confidence' values related to strength of indicated user preferences rather than explicit ratings given to items.